技术标签: python jsonrpc
本文探讨了如何将JSON-RPC请求发送到Geth节点以创建原生的交易。目标是在使用高级库(如web3py或web3js)时了解并查看后台发生的情况。
另外,对处理错误和异常不是本文的重点。如果出现任何问题,它将只是显示失败。这篇文章主要是学习。对于生产环境,还是考虑使用web3.py。
我们将仅使用HTTP请求在私有链上使用智能合约部署和交互(调用函数和读取公共变量)。交易是离线签名的,然后才发送到geth节点进行处理。
对于本指南,我们使用的是私有的Proof-of-Authority网络。如果想创建这样一个网络,可以阅读我们以前的帖子。本文假设使用Ganache(以前称为TestRPC)或任何以太坊网络都完全没问题。因此,不会介绍有关在网络设置的任何内容,重点是使用python将HTTP请求发送到Geth节点。
条件
1.通过IPC或RPC访问以太坊网络(可能是公有,私有或像Ganache这样的模拟器)。
2.安装了python 3。 我个人喜欢Anaconda发行版。
3.安装最新版本的web3py。
1.向Geth发送一个简单的请求
让我们通过向Geth发送一个非常简单的请求来热个身。查询下网络ID。 第一步是阅读文档。 我们需要的方法称为net_version,在此处进行描述。
我的Geth节点URL和端口是:http://localhost:8501。如果你使用的是具有默认值的Ganache,则URL可能是http://localhost:7545。
import requests
# create persistent HTTP connection
session = requests.Session()
# as defined in https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#net_version
method = 'net_version'
params = []
payload= {"jsonrpc":"2.0",
"method":method,
"params":params,
"id":1}
headers = {'Content-type': 'application/json'}
response = session.post('http://localhost:8501', json=payload, headers=headers)
print('raw json response: {}'.format(response.json()))
print('network id: {}'.format(response.json()['result']))
结果是:
raw json response: {'id': 1, 'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'result': '1515'}
network id: 1515
不错,从那里我们准备好与合约一起部署和交易,这建立了一个良好的基础。1515是我的私有区块链的网络ID,如创世文件中所定义。目前看起来都很棒。 使用Ganache,应该获得5777的网络ID。
但在能够签署和发送交易之前,我们需要一个地址,一个私钥和一些以太币。
2.创建公钥私钥对并获取一些以太币
web3py(release 4)库将帮助我们创建密钥对。
import web3
w3 = web3.Web3()
myAccount = w3.eth.account.create('put some extra entropy here')
myAddress = myAccount.address
myPrivateKey = myAccount.privateKey
print('my address is : {}'.format(myAccount.address))
print('my private key is : {}'.format(myAccount.privateKey.hex()))
在这个示例中,我得到:
my address is : 0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675
my private key is: 0x94cb9f766ef067eb229da85213439cf4cbbcd0dc97ede9479be5ee4b7a93b96f
请永远不要分享你的私钥!我这样做是因为它是一个本地私有链,我每天都要销毁并重启几次。我没有在任何公共网络上使用这个密钥对。
现在为了获得这个地址,有多种方法:
1.一种非常简单的方法是在genesis.json文件中添加此地址并启动新网络。下面是之前我的创世纪文件,其中包括我们刚刚创建的地址(删除0x)。
{
"config": {
"chainId": 1515,
"homesteadBlock": 1,
"eip150Block": 2,
"eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"eip155Block": 3,
"eip158Block": 3,
"byzantiumBlock": 4,
"clique": {
"period": 5,
"epoch": 30000
}
},
"nonce": "0x0",
"timestamp": "0x5a722c92",
"extraData": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008a58f09194e403d02a1928a7bf78646cfc260b087366ef81db496edd0ea2055ca605e8686eec1e60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"gasLimit": "0x8000000",
"difficulty": "0x1",
"mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"alloc": {
"08a58f09194e403d02a1928a7bf78646cfc260b0": {
"balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
"87366ef81db496edd0ea2055ca605e8686eec1e6": {
"balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
},
"F464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675": {
"balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
}
},
"number": "0x0",
"gasUsed": "0x0",
"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
}
2.如果你有可以挖矿的节点或ganache,请打开Geth Javascript控制台并手动创建交易:
$ geth attach ipc:'http://localhost:8501' // 7545 for ganache
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9
coinbase: 0x87366ef81db496edd0ea2055ca605e8686eec1e6
at block: 1585 (Wed, 14 Feb 2018 11:46:04 CET)
modules: eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
> eth.sendTransaction({'from':eth.coinbase, 'to':'0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675', 'value':1000000000000000000000})
"0xdbc86acbe3644ac2cdb68132bbeecda40733c10f07ca16d87a2e5001e50eec4c"
> exit
这里我从0x87366...发送1000以太币到我的地址0xF464A...,1个以太坊是10的18次方wei(1个后跟18个零)。值的单位是wei。
3.在公共测试链上,使用faucet。
3.使用智能合约部署和交易
太好了,既然我们有一个带有一些以太网的地址(为了支付gas费用),我们可以离线创建我们的交易,签名并将其发送到具有原生JSON-RPC的HTTP请求节点。
我们将使用send_rawTransaction方法,该方法将交易的签名作为输入参数。
python代码正在查询truffle在编译智能合约时创建的包含合约abi和字节码的json文件。在测试python代码之前,创建一个truffle工作区并编译虚拟合约AdditionContract.sol。
$ truffle init
// add the smart contract in contracts/
$ truffle compile
然后更新python代码,用geth节点的URL以及truffle工作空间和genesis文件的路径(不要忘记在路径中用你的userName替换我的userName)。
其他一切都在代码中,应该是不言自明的。
pragma solidity ^0.4.18;
contract AdditionContract {
uint public state = 0;
function add(uint value1, uint value2) public {
state = value1 + value2;
}
function getState() public constant returns (uint) {
return state;
}
}
文末附完整代码。
我们让一切都变得简单易于修改和测试。 玩的开心 :)
python用web3.py库开发以太坊来说非常的方便,有兴趣的用户可以关注我们的python以太坊教程,主要是针对python工程师使用web3.py进行区块链以太坊开发的详解。
另外其他语言可以学习的以太坊教程如下:
web3j教程,主要是针对java和android程序员进行区块链以太坊开发的web3j详解。
以太坊教程,主要介绍智能合约与dapp应用开发,适合入门。
以太坊开发,主要是介绍使用node.js、mongodb、区块链、ipfs实现去中心化电商DApp实战,适合进阶。
php以太坊,主要是介绍使用php进行智能合约开发交互,进行账号创建、交易、转账、代币开发以及过滤器和事件等内容。
C#以太坊,主要讲解如何使用C#开发基于.Net的以太坊应用,包括账户管理、状态与交易、智能合约开发与交互、过滤器和事件等。
汇智网原创翻译,转载请标明出处。这里是原文
raw_JSON_RPC_requests_to_smart_contract.py
# associated medium post: https://medium.com/@ethervolution/ethereum-create-raw-json-rpc-requests-with-python-for-deploying-and-transacting-with-a-smart-7ceafd6790d9
import requests
import json
import web3 # Release 4.0.0-beta.8
import pprint
import time
# create persistent HTTP connection
session = requests.Session()
w3 = web3.Web3()
pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)
requestId = 0 # is automatically incremented at each request
URL = 'http://localhost:8501' # url of my geth node
PATH_GENESIS = '/home/salanfe/privateNetworks/geth_PoA/genesis.json'
PATH_SC_TRUFFLE = '/home/salanfe/Projects/AdditionContract/' # smart contract path
# extracting data from the genesis file
genesisFile = json.load(open(PATH_GENESIS))
CHAINID = genesisFile['config']['chainId']
PERIOD = genesisFile['config']['clique']['period']
GASLIMIT = int(genesisFile['gasLimit'],0)
# compile your smart contract with truffle first
truffleFile = json.load(open(PATH_SC_TRUFFLE + '/build/contracts/AdditionContract.json'))
abi = truffleFile['abi']
bytecode = truffleFile['bytecode']
# Don't share your private key !
myAddress = '0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675' # address funded in genesis file
myPrivateKey = '0x94cb9f766ef067eb229da85213439cf4cbbcd0dc97ede9479be5ee4b7a93b96f'
''' =========================== SOME FUNCTIONS ============================ '''
# see http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification
# and https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC
def createJSONRPCRequestObject(_method, _params, _requestId):
return {"jsonrpc":"2.0",
"method":_method,
"params":_params, # must be an array [value1, value2, ..., valueN]
"id":_requestId}, _requestId+1
def postJSONRPCRequestObject(_HTTPEnpoint, _jsonRPCRequestObject):
response = session.post(_HTTPEnpoint,
json=_jsonRPCRequestObject,
headers={'Content-type': 'application/json'})
return response.json()
''' ======================= DEPLOY A SMART CONTRACT ======================= '''
### get your nonce
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionCount', [myAddress, 'latest'], requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
myNonce = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('nonce of address {} is {}'.format(myAddress, myNonce))
### create your transaction
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
'to':'', # empty address for deploying a new contract
'chainId':CHAINID,
'gasPrice':1, # careful with gas price, gas price below the --gasprice option of Geth CLI will cause problems. I am running my node with --gasprice '1'
'gas':2000000, # rule of thumb / guess work
'nonce':myNonce,
'data':bytecode} # no constrctor in my smart contract so bytecode is enough
### sign the transaction
signed_transaction_dict = w3.eth.account.signTransaction(transaction_dict, myPrivateKey)
params = [signed_transaction_dict.rawTransaction.hex()]
### send the transacton to your node
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_sendRawTransaction', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
transactionHash = responseObject['result']
print('contract submission hash {}'.format(transactionHash))
### wait for the transaction to be mined and get the address of the new contract
while(True):
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionReceipt', [transactionHash], requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
receipt = responseObject['result']
if(receipt is not None):
if(receipt['status'] == '0x1'):
contractAddress = receipt['contractAddress']
print('newly deployed contract at address {}'.format(contractAddress))
else:
pp.pprint(responseObject)
raise ValueError('transacation status is "0x0", failed to deploy contract. Check gas, gasPrice first')
break
time.sleep(PERIOD/10)
''' ================= SEND A TRANSACTION TO SMART CONTRACT ================'''
### get your nonce
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionCount', [myAddress, 'latest'], requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
myNonce = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('nonce of address {} is {}'.format(myAddress, myNonce))
### prepare the data field of the transaction
# function selector and argument encoding
# https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector-and-argument-encoding
value1, value2 = 10, 32 # random numbers here
function = 'add(uint256,uint256)' # from smart contract
methodId = w3.sha3(text=function)[0:4].hex()
param1 = (value1).to_bytes(32, byteorder='big').hex()
param2 = (value2).to_bytes(32, byteorder='big').hex()
data = '0x' + methodId + param1 + param2
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
'to':contractAddress,
'chainId':CHAINID,
'gasPrice':1, # careful with gas price, gas price below the threshold defined in the node config will cause all sorts of issues (tx not bieng broadcasted for example)
'gas':2000000, # rule of thumb / guess work
'nonce':myNonce,
'data':data}
### sign the transaction
signed_transaction_dict = w3.eth.account.signTransaction(transaction_dict, myPrivateKey)
params = [signed_transaction_dict.rawTransaction.hex()]
### send the transacton to your node
print('executing {} with value {},{}'.format(function, value1, value2))
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_sendRawTransaction', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
transactionHash = responseObject['result']
print('transaction hash {}'.format(transactionHash))
### wait for the transaction to be mined
while(True):
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionReceipt', [transactionHash], requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
receipt = responseObject['result']
if(receipt is not None):
if(receipt['status'] == '0x1'):
print('transaction successfully mined')
else:
pp.pprint(responseObject)
raise ValueError('transacation status is "0x0", failed to deploy contract. Check gas, gasPrice first')
break
time.sleep(PERIOD/10)
''' ============= READ YOUR SMART CONTRACT STATE USING GETTER =============='''
# we don't need a nonce since this does not create a transaction but only ask
# our node to read it's local database
### prepare the data field of the transaction
# function selector and argument encoding
# https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector-and-argument-encoding
# state is declared as public in the smart contract. This creates a getter function
methodId = w3.sha3(text='state()')[0:4].hex()
data = '0x' + methodId
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
'to':contractAddress,
'chainId':CHAINID,
'data':data}
params = [transaction_dict, 'latest']
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_call', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
state = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('using getter for public variables: result is {}'.format(state))
''' ============= READ YOUR SMART CONTRACT STATE GET FUNCTIONS =============='''
# we don't need a nonce since this does not create a transaction but only ask
# our node to read it's local database
### prepare the data field of the transaction
# function selector and argument encoding
# https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector-and-argument-encoding
# state is declared as public in the smart contract. This creates a getter function
methodId = w3.sha3(text='getState()')[0:4].hex()
data = '0x' + methodId
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
'to':contractAddress,
'chainId':CHAINID,
'data':data}
params = [transaction_dict, 'latest']
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_call', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
state = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('using getState() function: result is {}'.format(state))
''' prints
nonce of address 0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675 is 4
contract submission hash 0x64fc8ce5cbb5cf822674b88b52563e89f9e98132691a4d838ebe091604215b25
newly deployed contract at address 0x7e99eaa36bedba49a7f0ea4096ab2717b40d3787
nonce of address 0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675 is 5
executing add(uint256,uint256) with value 10,32
transaction hash 0xcbe3883db957cf3b643567c078081343c0cbd1fdd669320d9de9d05125168926
transaction successfully mined
using getter for public variables: result is 42
using getState() function: result is 42
'''
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文章浏览阅读257次。本文将为初学者提供Python学习的详细指南,从Python的历史、基础语法和数据类型到面向对象编程、模块和库的使用。通过本文,您将能够掌握Python编程的核心概念,为今后的编程学习和实践打下坚实基础。_python人工智能开发从入门到精通pdf