环境

k8s v1.18.0
192.168.79.31 master
192.168.79.32 node-1
192.168.79.33 node-2

一、Prometheus 对 kubernetes 的监控

1.1 node-exporter 组件安装和配置

node-exporter 可以采集机器（物理机、虚拟机、云主机等）的监控指标数据，能够采集到的指标包括 CPU, 内存，磁盘，网络，文件数等信息。

安装：

kubectl create namespace monitor-sa
docker load -i node-exporter.tar.gz

node-exporter.yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: node-exporter
  namespace: monitor-sa
  labels:
    name: node-exporter
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
     name: node-exporter
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: node-exporter
    spec:
      hostPID: true
      hostIPC: true
      hostNetwork: true
      containers:
      - name: node-exporter
        image: prom/node-exporter:v0.16.0
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9100
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: 0.15
        securityContext:
          privileged: true
        args:
        - --path.procfs  #配置挂载宿主机（node 节点）的路径
        - /host/proc
        - --path.sysfs    #配置挂载宿主机（node 节点）的路径
        - /host/sys
        - --collector.filesystem.ignored-mount-points  #通过正则表达式忽略某些文件系统挂载点的信息收集
        - '"^/(sys|proc|dev|host|etc)($|/)"'
        volumeMounts:
        - name: dev
          mountPath: /host/dev
        - name: proc
          mountPath: /host/proc
        - name: sys
          mountPath: /host/sys
        - name: rootfs
          mountPath: /rootfs
      tolerations:
      - key: "node-role.kubernetes.io/master"
        operator: "Exists"
        effect: "NoSchedule"
      volumes:
        - name: proc
          hostPath:
            path: /proc
        - name: dev
          hostPath:
            path: /dev
        - name: sys
          hostPath:
            path: /sys
        - name: rootfs
          hostPath:
            path: /

#解释：
	hostNetwork、hostIPC、hostPID 都为 True 时，表示这个 Pod 里的所有容器，会直接使用宿主机的网络，直接与宿主机进行 IPC（进程间通信）通信，可以看到宿主机里正在运行的所有进程。 
加入了 hostNetwork:true 会直接将我们的宿主机的 9100 端口映射出来，从而不需要创建 service 在我们的宿主机上就会有一个 9100 的端口	

1.2 通过 node-exporter 采集数据

curl http://主机 ip:9100/metrics
curl http://192.168.79.31:9100/metrics | grep  node_cpu_seconds

#HELP：解释当前指标的含义，上面表示在每种模式下 node 节点的 cpu 花费的时间，以 s 为单位 
#TYPE：说明当前指标的数据类型，上面是 counter 类型 
node_cpu_seconds_total{
    cpu="0",mode="idle"} ： 
cpu0 上 idle 进程占用 CPU 的总时间，CPU 占用时间是一个只增不减的度量指标，从类型中也可以看
出 node_cpu 的数据类型是 counter（计数器） 。counter 计数器：只是采集递增的指标

[root@master01 01-prometheus]# curl http://192.168.79.31:9100/metrics | grep  node_load
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 95166  100 95166    0     0  13.0M      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 15.1M
# HELP node_load1 1m load average.
# TYPE node_load1 gauge
node_load1 0.28

node_load1 该指标反映了当前主机在最近一分钟以内的负载情况，系统的负载情况会随系统资源的
使用而变化，因此 node_load1 反映的是当前状态，数据可能增加也可能减少，从注释中可以看出当前指
标类型为 gauge（标准尺寸） 
gauge 标准尺寸：统计的指标可增加可减少

二、Prometheus server 安装和配置

2.1 创建 sa 账号，对 sa 做 rbac 授权

kubectl create serviceaccount monitor -n monitor-sa

kubectl create clusterrolebinding monitor-clusterrolebinding -n monitor-sa --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=monitor-sa:monitor

监控的有：
job_name:
kubernetes-node
kubernetes-node-cadvisor
kubernetes-apiserver
kubernetes-service-endpoints

将 docker load -i prometheus-2-2-1.tar.gz上传到node-1 ，由于prometheus-dp.yaml指定了nodeName， 可根据情况弄。
并 mkdir /data && chmod 777 /data/

#一些补充：
#查看token
kubectl -n kube-system describe secret $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | grep default | awk '{print $1}')

#查看ca.crt证书
kubectl config view --raw=true | grep -oP "(?<=certificate-authority-data:\s).+" | base64 -d > /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/kubernetes.crt

update-ca-certificates


#根据实际情况写：  二进制部署k8s和 kubeadm部署k8s， 这两文件位置有所不同。
#/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
#/etc/kubernetes/pki/token
上面这段话/路径是错误的，当时没理解，以为是master，node1，node2节点上的ca.crt和token 。有丶臊皮。
不然报错：
Prometheus的target页面中 kubernetes-apiserver报错 	Get https://192.168.79.31:6443/metrics: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority
和
Prometheus出现 	Get https://192.168.79.31:6443/metrics: unable to read bearer token file /etc/kubernetes/pki/token: open /etc/kubernetes/pki/token: no such file or directory


下面cfg的详细解释， 《Prometheus构建企业级监控系统》的19页

 tls_config:
   ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token  
#下图是pod（Prometheus-server）里面自身带有的文件，所以要写这个绝对路径

2.2 prometheus-cfg.yaml

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    app: prometheus
  name: prometheus-config
  namespace: monitor-sa
data:
  prometheus.yml: |
    global:
      scrape_interval: 15s
      scrape_timeout: 10s
      evaluation_interval: 1m
    scrape_configs:
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-node'
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: node
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__address__]
        regex: '(.*):10250'
        replacement: '${1}:9100'
        target_label: __address__
        action: replace
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-node-cadvisor'
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role:  node
      scheme: https
      tls_config:
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token      
      relabel_configs:
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)
      - target_label: __address__
        replacement: kubernetes.default.svc:443
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_node_name]
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        replacement: /api/v1/nodes/${1}/proxy/metrics/cadvisor
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-apiserver'
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: endpoints
      scheme: https
      tls_config:
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token      
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace, __meta_kubernetes_service_name, __meta_kubernetes_endpoint_port_name]
        action: keep
        regex: default;kubernetes;https
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-service-endpoints'
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: endpoints
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
        action: keep
        regex: true
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scheme]
        action: replace
        target_label: __scheme__
        regex: (https?)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_path]
        action: replace
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        regex: (.+)
      - source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_port]
        action: replace
        target_label: __address__
        regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)
        replacement: $1:$2
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_service_label_(.+)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_namespace
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_name 

2.3 prometheus-deploy.yaml

---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: prometheus-server
  namespace: monitor-sa
  labels:
    app: prometheus
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: prometheus
      component: server
    #matchExpressions:
    #- {key: app, operator: In, values: [prometheus]}
    #- {key: component, operator: In, values: [server]}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: prometheus
        component: server
      annotations:
        prometheus.io/scrape: 'false'
    spec:
      nodeName: node-1
      serviceAccountName: monitor
      containers:
      - name: prometheus
        image: prom/prometheus:v2.2.1
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        command:
          - prometheus
          - --config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
          - --storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus
          - --storage.tsdb.retention=720h
          - --web.enable-lifecycle
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9090
          protocol: TCP
        volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
          name: prometheus-config
          subPath: prometheus.yml
        - mountPath: /prometheus/
          name: prometheus-storage-volume
      volumes:
        - name: prometheus-config
          configMap:
            name: prometheus-config
            items:
              - key: prometheus.yml
                path: prometheus.yml
                mode: 0644
        - name: prometheus-storage-volume
          hostPath:
           path: /data
           type: Directory

2.4 prometheus-svc.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: prometheus
  namespace: monitor-sa
  labels:
    app: prometheus
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 9090
      targetPort: 9090
      protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: prometheus
    component: server

2.5 访问Prometheus server

http://192.168.79.32:32732/graph 和status --> targets页面

一些细节：
根据svc的annotations来监控到，如果该annotations有prometheus.io/scrape: true，则监控抓取数据
kubectl describe svc -n kube-system kube-dns  （例子）
 ---》 prometheus.io/scrape: true

2.6 Prometheus 热加载

热加载命令： 
curl -X POST http://10.244.121.4:9090/-/reload

#这个IP:9090 是: kubectl get pods -n monitor-sa -owide -l app=prometheus
#但热加载速度比较慢，可以暴力重启（先delete，后apply ） prometheus-server
kubectl delete -f prometheus-cfg.yaml 
kubectl delete -f prometheus-deploy.yaml 
kubectl apply -f prometheus-cfg.yaml 
kubectl apply -f prometheus-deploy.yaml

三、安装UI界面grafana

docker load -i heapster-grafana-amd64_v5_0_4.tar.gz

3.1 01-grafana-dp.yaml

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: monitoring-grafana
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      task: monitoring
      k8s-app: grafana
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        task: monitoring
        k8s-app: grafana
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: grafana
        image: k8s.gcr.io/heapster-grafana-amd64:v5.0.4
        ports:
        - containerPort: 3000
          protocol: TCP
        volumeMounts:
        - name: ca-certificates
          mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
          readOnly: true
        - name: grafana-storage
          mountPath: /var
          
        env:
        - name: INFLUXDB_HOST
          value: monitoring-influxdb
        - name: GF_SERVER_HTTP_PORT
          value: "3000"
        - name: GF_AUTH_BASIC_ENABLED
          value: "false"
        - name: GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ENABLED
          value: "true"
        - name: GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ORG_ROLE
          value: Admin
        - name: GF_SERVER_ROOT_URL 
          value: /
      volumes:
      - name: ca-certificates
        hostPath: 
          path: /etc/ssl/certs
      - name: grafana-storage
        emptyDir: {
    }      

3.2 02-grafana-svc.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    kubernetes.io/cluster-service: 'true'
    kubernetes.io/name: monitoring-grafana
  name: monitoring-grafana
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 3000
  selector:
    k8s-app: grafana
  type: NodePort

访问grafana

http://192.168.79.31:32671/?orgId=1

3.3 配置 grafana 界面：

选择 Create your first data source

[root@master01 02-grafana]# dig @10.96.0.10 prometheus.monitor-sa.svc.cluster.local +short
10.107.214.53

导入监控模板

获取监控模板地址：
https://grafana.com/dashboards?dataSource=prometheus&search=kubernetes

效果：

扩展：如果 Grafana 导入 Prometheus模板 之后，发现有的仪表盘没有数据，如何排查？

1、打开 grafana 界面，找到仪表盘对应无数据的图标 ，edit

node_cpu_seconds_total 就是 grafana 上采集的 cpu 的时间，需要到 prometheus ui 界面看看采集的指标是否是 node_cpu_seconds_total


如果在 prometheus ui 界面输入 node_cpu_seconds_total 没有数据，那就看看是不是 prometheus采集的数据是 node_cpu_seconds_totals，怎么看呢？

4、安装 kube-state-metrics 组件

kube-state-metrics概念：

kube-state-metrics 通过监听 API Server 生成有关资源对象的状态指标，比如 Deployment、Node、Pod。主要关注的是业务相关的一些元数据，比如 Deployment、Pod、副本状态等；调度了多少个 replicas？现在可用的有几个？多少个 Pod 是 running/stopped/terminated 状态？Pod 重启了多少次？有多少 job 在运行中。

4.1 kube-state-metrics-rbac.yaml

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: kube-state-metrics
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: kube-state-metrics
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
  resources: ["nodes", "pods", "services", "resourcequotas", "replicationcontrollers", "limitranges", "persistentvolumeclaims", "persistentvolumes", "namespaces", "endpoints"]
  verbs: ["list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: ["extensions"]
  resources: ["daemonsets", "deployments", "replicasets"]
  verbs: ["list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: ["apps"]
  resources: ["statefulsets"]
  verbs: ["list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: ["batch"]
  resources: ["cronjobs", "jobs"]
  verbs: ["list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: ["autoscaling"]
  resources: ["horizontalpodautoscalers"]
  verbs: ["list", "watch"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kube-state-metrics
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kube-state-metrics
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: kube-state-metrics
  namespace: kube-system

4.2 kube-state-metrics-dp.yaml

 docker load -i kube-state-metrics_1_9_0.tar.gz

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: kube-state-metrics
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: kube-state-metrics
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: kube-state-metrics
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: kube-state-metrics
      containers:
      - name: kube-state-metrics
        image: quay.io/coreos/kube-state-metrics:v1.9.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080

4.3 kube-state-metrics-svc.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    prometheus.io/scrape: 'true'
  name: kube-state-metrics
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    app: kube-state-metrics
spec:
  ports:
  - name: kube-state-metrics
    port: 8080
    protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: kube-state-metrics

部署成功后，Prometheus-server的target变化：

4.4 导入json文件

在 grafana web 界面导入
导入 Kubernetes Cluster (Prometheus)-1577674936972.json 文件
和 Kubernetes cluster monitoring (via Prometheus) (k8s 1.16)-1577691996738.json

第一个：Kubernetes Cluster (Prometheus)-1577674936972.json 文件:

界面： （等下处理这个 N/A）

处理N/A情况：

根据grafana-server的查询框提示，改成：

第二个：Kubernetes cluster monitoring (via Prometheus) (k8s 1.16)-1577691996738.json：

界面：