技术标签： springcloud 微服务 springcloud技术分享 全链路 grpc jaeger
微服务全链路跟踪：jaeger集成istio，并兼容uber-trace-id与b3
码云地址：https://gitee.com/lpxs/lp-springcloud.git
有问题可以多沟通：[email protected]。
本章节内容是基于springboot2集成net.devh.grpc的拓展
本章介绍grpc集成jaeger，本文主要参考jaeger官方文档进行扩展
https://github.com/opentracing-contrib/java-spring-cloud
https://github.com/opentracing-contrib/java-spring-jaeger
这里就不列举jaeger代码或者容器部署了，网上很多
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
import io.opentracing.Span;
/**
* An interface that defines how to get the current active span
*/
public interface ActiveSpanSource {
/**
* ActiveSpanSource implementation that always returns
* null as the active span
*/
public static ActiveSpanSource NONE = new ActiveSpanSource() {
@Override
public Span getActiveSpan() {
return null;
}
};
/**
* ActiveSpanSource implementation that returns the
* current span stored in the GRPC context under
* {@link OpenTracingContextKey}
*/
public static ActiveSpanSource GRPC_CONTEXT = new ActiveSpanSource() {
@Override
public Span getActiveSpan() {
return OpenTracingContextKey.activeSpan();
}
};
/**
* @return the active span
*/
public Span getActiveSpan();
}
import io.grpc.Context;
import io.opentracing.Span;
/**
* A {@link Context} key for the current OpenTracing trace state.
*
* Can be used to get the active span, or to set the active span for a scoped unit of work.
* See the <a href="../../../../../../README.rst">grpc-java OpenTracing docs</a> for use cases and examples.
*/
public class OpenTracingContextKey {
public static final String KEY_NAME = "io.opentracing.active-span";
private static final Context.Key<Span> key = Context.key(KEY_NAME);
/**
* @return the active span for the current request
*/
public static Span activeSpan() {
return key.get();
}
/**
* @return the OpenTracing context key
*/
public static Context.Key<Span> getKey() {
return key;
}
}
import io.grpc.MethodDescriptor;
/**
* Interface that allows span operation names to be constructed from an RPC's
* method descriptor.
*/
public interface OperationNameConstructor {
/**
* Default span operation name constructor, that will return an RPC's method
* name when constructOperationName is called.
*/
public static OperationNameConstructor DEFAULT = new OperationNameConstructor() {
@Override
public <ReqT, RespT> String constructOperationName(MethodDescriptor<ReqT, RespT> method) {
return method.getFullMethodName();
}
};
/**
* Constructs a span's operation name from the RPC's method.
* @param method the rpc method to extract a name from
* @param <ReqT> the rpc request type
* @param <RespT> the rpc response type
* @return the operation name
*/
public <ReqT, RespT> String constructOperationName(MethodDescriptor<ReqT, RespT> method);
}
<dependencies>
<!-- Spring Boot 配置处理 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>net.devh</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-server-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.springcloud.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-common</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
import io.grpc.ClientInterceptor;
import io.grpc.ServerInterceptor;
import io.opentracing.Tracer;
import net.devh.boot.grpc.server.interceptor.GlobalServerInterceptorConfigurer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnProperty;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Lazy;
/**
* @Auther: lipeng
* @Date: 2019/1/3 19:34
* @Description:
*/
@Configuration
public class GrpcOpenTracingConfig {
@Autowired
@Lazy
private Tracer tracer;
//grpc-spring-boot-starter provides @GrpcGlobalInterceptor to allow server-side interceptors to be registered with all
//server stubs, we are just taking advantage of that to install the server-side gRPC tracer.
@Bean
ServerInterceptor grpcServerInterceptor() {
return new ServerTracingInterceptor(tracer);
}
@Bean
public GlobalServerInterceptorConfigurer globalInterceptorConfigurerAdapter(ServerInterceptor grpcServerInterceptor) {
return registry -> registry.addServerInterceptors(grpcServerInterceptor);
}
}
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.grpc.common.OpenTracingContextKey;
import com.grpc.common.OperationNameConstructor;
import io.grpc.BindableService;
import io.grpc.Context;
import io.grpc.Contexts;
import io.grpc.Metadata;
import io.grpc.ServerCall;
import io.grpc.ServerCallHandler;
import io.grpc.ServerInterceptor;
import io.grpc.ServerInterceptors;
import io.grpc.ServerServiceDefinition;
import io.grpc.ForwardingServerCallListener;
import io.opentracing.propagation.Format;
import io.opentracing.propagation.TextMapExtractAdapter;
import io.opentracing.Span;
import io.opentracing.SpanContext;
import io.opentracing.Tracer;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
/**
* An intercepter that applies tracing via OpenTracing to all requests
* to the server.
*/
public class ServerTracingInterceptor implements ServerInterceptor {
private final Tracer tracer;
private final OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor;
private final boolean streaming;
private final boolean verbose;
private final Set<ServerRequestAttribute> tracedAttributes;
/**
* @param tracer used to trace requests
*/
public ServerTracingInterceptor(Tracer tracer) {
this.tracer = tracer;
this.operationNameConstructor = OperationNameConstructor.DEFAULT;
this.streaming = false;
this.verbose = false;
this.tracedAttributes = new HashSet<ServerRequestAttribute>();
}
private ServerTracingInterceptor(Tracer tracer, OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor, boolean streaming,
boolean verbose, Set<ServerRequestAttribute> tracedAttributes) {
this.tracer = tracer;
this.operationNameConstructor = operationNameConstructor;
this.streaming = streaming;
this.verbose = verbose;
this.tracedAttributes = tracedAttributes;
}
/**
* Add tracing to all requests made to this service.
* @param serviceDef of the service to intercept
* @return the serviceDef with a tracing interceptor
*/
public ServerServiceDefinition intercept(ServerServiceDefinition serviceDef) {
return ServerInterceptors.intercept(serviceDef, this);
}
/**
* Add tracing to all requests made to this service.
* @param bindableService to intercept
* @return the serviceDef with a tracing interceptor
*/
public ServerServiceDefinition intercept(BindableService bindableService) {
return ServerInterceptors.intercept(bindableService, this);
}
@Override
public <ReqT, RespT> ServerCall.Listener<ReqT> interceptCall(
ServerCall<ReqT, RespT> call,
Metadata headers,
ServerCallHandler<ReqT, RespT> next
) {
Map<String, String> headerMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
for (String key : headers.keys()) {
if (!key.endsWith(Metadata.BINARY_HEADER_SUFFIX)) {
String value = headers.get(Metadata.Key.of(key, Metadata.ASCII_STRING_MARSHALLER));
headerMap.put(key, value);
}
}
final String operationName = operationNameConstructor.constructOperationName(call.getMethodDescriptor());
final Span span = getSpanFromHeaders(headerMap, operationName);
for (ServerRequestAttribute attr : this.tracedAttributes) {
switch (attr) {
case METHOD_TYPE:
span.setTag("grpc.method_type", call.getMethodDescriptor().getType().toString());
break;
case METHOD_NAME:
span.setTag("grpc.method_name", call.getMethodDescriptor().getFullMethodName());
break;
case CALL_ATTRIBUTES:
span.setTag("grpc.call_attributes", call.getAttributes().toString());
break;
case HEADERS:
span.setTag("grpc.headers", headers.toString());
break;
}
}
Context ctxWithSpan = Context.current().withValue(OpenTracingContextKey.getKey(), span);
ServerCall.Listener<ReqT> listenerWithContext = Contexts
.interceptCall(ctxWithSpan, call, headers, next);
ServerCall.Listener<ReqT> tracingListenerWithContext =
new ForwardingServerCallListener.SimpleForwardingServerCallListener<ReqT>(listenerWithContext) {
@Override
public void onMessage(ReqT message) {
if (streaming || verbose) {
span.log(ImmutableMap.of("Message received", message)); }
delegate().onMessage(message);
}
@Override
public void onHalfClose() {
if (streaming) {
span.log("Client finished sending messages"); }
delegate().onHalfClose();
}
@Override
public void onCancel() {
span.log("Call cancelled");
span.finish();
delegate().onCancel();
}
@Override
public void onComplete() {
if (verbose) {
span.log("Call completed"); }
span.finish();
delegate().onComplete();
}
};
return tracingListenerWithContext;
}
private Span getSpanFromHeaders(Map<String, String> headers, String operationName) {
Span span;
try {
SpanContext parentSpanCtx = tracer.extract(Format.Builtin.HTTP_HEADERS,
new TextMapExtractAdapter(headers));
if (parentSpanCtx == null) {
span = tracer.buildSpan(operationName).startManual();
} else {
span = tracer.buildSpan(operationName).asChildOf(parentSpanCtx).startManual();
}
} catch (IllegalArgumentException iae){
span = tracer.buildSpan(operationName)
.withTag("Error", "Extract failed and an IllegalArgumentException was thrown")
.startManual();
}
return span;
}
/**
* Builds the configuration of a ServerTracingInterceptor.
*/
public static class Builder {
private final Tracer tracer;
private OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor;
private boolean streaming;
private boolean verbose;
private Set<ServerRequestAttribute> tracedAttributes;
/**
* @param tracer to use for this intercepter
* Creates a Builder with default configuration
*/
public Builder(Tracer tracer) {
this.tracer = tracer;
this.operationNameConstructor = OperationNameConstructor.DEFAULT;
this.streaming = false;
this.verbose = false;
this.tracedAttributes = new HashSet<ServerRequestAttribute>();
}
/**
* @param operationNameConstructor for all spans created by this intercepter
* @return this Builder with configured operation name
*/
public Builder withOperationName(OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor) {
this.operationNameConstructor = operationNameConstructor;
return this;
}
/**
* @param attributes to set as tags on server spans
* created by this intercepter
* @return this Builder configured to trace request attributes
*/
public Builder withTracedAttributes(ServerRequestAttribute... attributes) {
this.tracedAttributes = new HashSet<ServerRequestAttribute>(Arrays.asList(attributes));
return this;
}
/**
* Logs streaming events to server spans.
* @return this Builder configured to log streaming events
*/
public Builder withStreaming() {
this.streaming = true;
return this;
}
/**
* Logs all request life-cycle events to server spans.
* @return this Builder configured to be verbose
*/
public Builder withVerbosity() {
this.verbose = true;
return this;
}
/**
* @return a ServerTracingInterceptor with this Builder's configuration
*/
public ServerTracingInterceptor build() {
return new ServerTracingInterceptor(this.tracer, this.operationNameConstructor,
this.streaming, this.verbose, this.tracedAttributes);
}
}
public enum ServerRequestAttribute {
HEADERS,
METHOD_TYPE,
METHOD_NAME,
CALL_ATTRIBUTES
}
}
opentracing:
jaeger:
udp-sender:
host: 169.44.197.59
port: 6831
remote-reporter:
flush-interval: 1000
max-queue-size: 5000
log-spans: false
probabilistic-sampler:
sampling-rate: 1
<dependency>
<groupId>com.springcloud.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-server-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
<dependencies>
<!-- Spring Boot 配置处理 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>net.devh</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-server-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.springcloud.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-common</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
import io.grpc.ClientInterceptor;
import io.opentracing.Tracer;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import net.devh.boot.grpc.client.interceptor.GlobalClientInterceptorConfigurer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Lazy;
import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;
/**
* @Auther: lipeng
* @Date: 2019/1/3 19:34
* @Description:
*/
@Order(Ordered.LOWEST_PRECEDENCE)
@Configuration
@Slf4j
public class GrpcOpenTracingConfig {
@Autowired
@Lazy
Tracer tracer;
//We also create a client-side interceptor and put that in the context, this interceptor can then be injected into gRPC clients and
//then applied to the managed channel.
@Bean
ClientInterceptor grpcClientInterceptor() {
return new ClientTracingInterceptor(tracer);
}
@Bean
public GlobalClientInterceptorConfigurer globalInterceptorConfigurerAdapter(ClientInterceptor grpcClientInterceptor) {
return registry -> registry.addClientInterceptors(grpcClientInterceptor);
}
}
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.grpc.common.ActiveSpanSource;
import com.grpc.common.OperationNameConstructor;
import io.grpc.*;
import io.opentracing.Span;
import io.opentracing.Tracer;
import io.opentracing.propagation.Format;
import io.opentracing.propagation.TextMap;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* An intercepter that applies tracing via OpenTracing to all client requests.
*/
@Slf4j
public class ClientTracingInterceptor implements ClientInterceptor {
private final Tracer tracer;
private final OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor;
private final boolean streaming;
private final boolean verbose;
private final Set<ClientRequestAttribute> tracedAttributes;
private final ActiveSpanSource activeSpanSource;
/**
* @param
*/
public ClientTracingInterceptor(Tracer tracer) {
this.tracer=tracer;
this.operationNameConstructor = OperationNameConstructor.DEFAULT;
this.streaming = false;
this.verbose = false;
this.tracedAttributes = new HashSet<ClientRequestAttribute>();
this.activeSpanSource = ActiveSpanSource.GRPC_CONTEXT;
}
private ClientTracingInterceptor(Tracer tracer, OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor, boolean streaming,
boolean verbose, Set<ClientRequestAttribute> tracedAttributes, ActiveSpanSource activeSpanSource) {
this.tracer = tracer;
this.operationNameConstructor = operationNameConstructor;
this.streaming = streaming;
this.verbose = verbose;
this.tracedAttributes = tracedAttributes;
this.activeSpanSource = activeSpanSource;
}
/**
* Use this intercepter to trace all requests made by this client channel.
* @param channel to be traced
* @return intercepted channel
*/
public Channel intercept(Channel channel) {
return ClientInterceptors.intercept(channel, this);
}
@Override
public <ReqT, RespT> ClientCall<ReqT, RespT> interceptCall(
MethodDescriptor<ReqT, RespT> method,
CallOptions callOptions,
Channel next
) {
final String operationName = operationNameConstructor.constructOperationName(method);
Span activeSpan = this.activeSpanSource.getActiveSpan();
final Span span = createSpanFromParent(activeSpan, operationName);
for (ClientRequestAttribute attr : this.tracedAttributes) {
switch (attr) {
case ALL_CALL_OPTIONS:
span.setTag("grpc.call_options", callOptions.toString());
break;
case AUTHORITY:
if (callOptions.getAuthority() == null) {
span.setTag("grpc.authority", "null");
} else {
span.setTag("grpc.authority", callOptions.getAuthority());
}
break;
case COMPRESSOR:
if (callOptions.getCompressor() == null) {
span.setTag("grpc.compressor", "null");
} else {
span.setTag("grpc.compressor", callOptions.getCompressor());
}
break;
case DEADLINE:
if (callOptions.getDeadline() == null) {
span.setTag("grpc.deadline_millis", "null");
} else {
span.setTag("grpc.deadline_millis", callOptions.getDeadline().timeRemaining(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
}
break;
case METHOD_NAME:
span.setTag("grpc.method_name", method.getFullMethodName());
break;
case METHOD_TYPE:
if (method.getType() == null) {
span.setTag("grpc.method_type", "null");
} else {
span.setTag("grpc.method_type", method.getType().toString());
}
break;
case HEADERS:
break;
}
}
return new ForwardingClientCall.SimpleForwardingClientCall<ReqT, RespT>(next.newCall(method, callOptions)) {
@Override
public void start(Listener<RespT> responseListener, Metadata headers) {
if (verbose) {
span.log("Started call");
}
if (tracedAttributes.contains(ClientRequestAttribute.HEADERS)) {
span.setTag("grpc.headers", headers.toString());
}
tracer.inject(span.context(), Format.Builtin.HTTP_HEADERS, new TextMap() {
@Override
public void put(String key, String value) {
Metadata.Key<String> headerKey = Metadata.Key.of(key, Metadata.ASCII_STRING_MARSHALLER);
headers.put(headerKey, value);
}
@Override
public Iterator<Entry<String, String>> iterator() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
"TextMapInjectAdapter should only be used with Tracer.inject()");
}
});
Listener<RespT> tracingResponseListener = new ForwardingClientCallListener
.SimpleForwardingClientCallListener<RespT>(responseListener) {
@Override
public void onHeaders(Metadata headers) {
if (verbose) {
span.log(ImmutableMap.of("Response headers received", headers.toString())); }
delegate().onHeaders(headers);
}
@Override
public void onMessage(RespT message) {
if (streaming || verbose) {
span.log("Response received"); }
delegate().onMessage(message);
}
@Override
public void onClose(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
if (verbose) {
if (status.getCode().value() == 0) {
span.log("Call closed"); }
else {
span.log(ImmutableMap.of("Call failed", status.getDescription())); }
}
span.finish();
delegate().onClose(status, trailers);
}
};
delegate().start(tracingResponseListener, headers);
}
@Override
public void cancel(@Nullable String message, @Nullable Throwable cause) {
String errorMessage;
if (message == null) {
errorMessage = "Error";
} else {
errorMessage = message;
}
if (cause == null) {
span.log(errorMessage);
} else {
span.log(ImmutableMap.of(errorMessage, cause.getMessage()));
}
delegate().cancel(message, cause);
}
@Override
public void halfClose() {
if (streaming) {
span.log("Finished sending messages"); }
delegate().halfClose();
}
@Override
public void sendMessage(ReqT message) {
if (streaming || verbose) {
span.log("Message sent"); }
delegate().sendMessage(message);
}
};
}
private Span createSpanFromParent(Span parentSpan, String operationName) {
if (parentSpan == null) {
return tracer.buildSpan(operationName).startManual();
} else {
return tracer.buildSpan(operationName).asChildOf(parentSpan).startManual();
}
}
/**
* Builds the configuration of a ClientTracingInterceptor.
*/
public static class Builder {
private Tracer tracer;
private OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor;
private boolean streaming;
private boolean verbose;
private Set<ClientRequestAttribute> tracedAttributes;
private ActiveSpanSource activeSpanSource;
/**
* @param tracer to use for this intercepter
* Creates a Builder with default configuration
*/
public Builder(Tracer tracer) {
this.tracer = tracer;
this.operationNameConstructor = OperationNameConstructor.DEFAULT;
this.streaming = false;
this.verbose = false;
this.tracedAttributes = new HashSet<ClientRequestAttribute>();
this.activeSpanSource = ActiveSpanSource.GRPC_CONTEXT;
}
/**
* @param operationNameConstructor to name all spans created by this intercepter
* @return this Builder with configured operation name
*/
public Builder withOperationName(OperationNameConstructor operationNameConstructor) {
this.operationNameConstructor = operationNameConstructor;
return this;
}
/**
* Logs streaming events to client spans.
* @return this Builder configured to log streaming events
*/
public Builder withStreaming() {
this.streaming = true;
return this;
}
/**
* @param tracedAttributes to set as tags on client spans
* created by this intercepter
* @return this Builder configured to trace attributes
*/
public Builder withTracedAttributes(ClientRequestAttribute... tracedAttributes) {
this.tracedAttributes = new HashSet<ClientRequestAttribute>(
Arrays.asList(tracedAttributes));
return this;
}
/**
* Logs all request life-cycle events to client spans.
* @return this Builder configured to be verbose
*/
public Builder withVerbosity() {
this.verbose = true;
return this;
}
/**
* @param activeSpanSource that provides a method of getting the
* active span before the client call
* @return this Builder configured to start client span as children
* of the span returned by activeSpanSource.getActiveSpan()
*/
public Builder withActiveSpanSource(ActiveSpanSource activeSpanSource) {
this.activeSpanSource = activeSpanSource;
return this;
}
/**
* @return a ClientTracingInterceptor with this Builder's configuration
*/
public ClientTracingInterceptor build() {
return new ClientTracingInterceptor(this.tracer, this.operationNameConstructor,
this.streaming, this.verbose, this.tracedAttributes, this.activeSpanSource);
}
}
public enum ClientRequestAttribute {
METHOD_TYPE,
METHOD_NAME,
DEADLINE,
COMPRESSOR,
AUTHORITY,
ALL_CALL_OPTIONS,
HEADERS
}
}
opentracing:
jaeger:
udp-sender:
host: 169.44.197.59
port: 6831
remote-reporter:
flush-interval: 1000
max-queue-size: 5000
log-spans: false
probabilistic-sampler:
sampling-rate: 1
<dependency>
<groupId>com.springcloud.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-client-starter</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
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文章浏览阅读834次，点赞27次，收藏13次。网络拓扑结构是指计算机网络中各组件（如计算机、服务器、打印机、路由器、交换机等设备）及其连接线路在物理布局或逻辑构型上的排列形式。这种布局不仅描述了设备间的实际物理连接方式，也决定了数据在网络中流动的路径和方式。不同的网络拓扑结构影响着网络的性能、可靠性、可扩展性及管理维护的难易程度。_网络拓扑csdn
文章浏览阅读1.8k次，点赞5次，收藏8次。IOS系统Date的坑要创建一个指定时间的new Date对象时，通常的做法是：new Date("2020-09-21 11:11:00")这行代码在 PC 端和安卓端都是正常的，而在 iOS 端则会提示 Invalid Date 无效日期。在IOS年月日中间的横岗许换成斜杠，也就是new Date("2020/09/21 11:11:00")通常为了兼容IOS的这个坑，需要做一些额外的特殊处理，笔者在开发的时候经常会忘了兼容IOS系统。所以就想试着重写Date函数，一劳永逸，避免每次ne_date.prototype 将所有 ios
文章浏览阅读5.3k次。方法一：用PLSQL Developer工具。 1 在PLSQL Developer的sql window里输入select * from test for update; 2 按F8执行 3 打开锁, 再按一下加号. 鼠标点到第一列的列头，使全列成选中状态，然后粘贴，最后commit提交即可。（前提..._excel导入pl/sql
文章浏览阅读83次。Git常用命令速查手册1、初始化仓库git init2、将文件添加到仓库git add 文件名 # 将工作区的某个文件添加到暂存区 git add -u # 添加所有被tracked文件中被修改或删除的文件信息到暂存区，不处理untracked的文件git add -A # 添加所有被tracked文件中被修改或删除的文件信息到暂存区，包括untracked的文件...
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文章浏览阅读1.8k次。版权声明：转载请注明出处 http://blog.csdn.net/irean_lau。目录(?)[+]1、缺省构造函数。2、缺省拷贝构造函数。3、 缺省析构函数。4、缺省赋值运算符。5、缺省取址运算符。6、 缺省取址运算符 const。[cpp] view plain copy_空类默认产生哪些类成员函数